What elements are carbohydrates composed of?
- Iron, zinc, and magnesium
- Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (correct)
- Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
- Sodium, chlorine, and calcium
Are carbohydrates a minor component of organic matter on Earth?
False (B)
What is the general ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in carbohydrates?
- 1:2
- 2:1 (correct)
- 3:1
- 1:1
Simple sugars that contain between 3 and 9 carbon atoms are generally known as ___________.
<p>monosaccharides</p>
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Must monosaccharides always consist of exactly 6 carbon atoms?
<p>False (B)</p>
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Monosaccharides can combine to form what type of structure?
<p>Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (C)</p>
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What is a primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
<p>Short-term energy storage and structural components (C)</p>
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Are carbohydrates only used for energy storage, and not for structural purposes in living organisms?
<p>False (B)</p>
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What is classified as a monosaccharide?
<p>Glucose (D)</p>
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___________ are carbohydrates made up of only two monosaccharide units.
<p>Disaccharides</p>
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Which of the following is a disaccharide?
<p>Sucrose (D)</p>
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Cellulose and starch are classified as disaccharides.
<p>False (B)</p>
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Which simple carbohydrate is found in RNA?
<p>Ribose (A)</p>
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Which of the following carbohydrates is not a hexose?
<p>Ribose (C)</p>
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Do monosaccharides contain a carbonyl group?
<p>True (A)</p>
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What is the term for a monosaccharide with an aldehyde group?
<p>Aldose (B)</p>
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Is fructose an example of an aldose?
<p>False (B)</p>
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What term describes molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other?
<p>Enantiomers (C)</p>
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The configurations of carbon atoms nearest an aldehyde or ketone group are designated D or L.
<p>False (B)</p>
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What letter symbols are used to denote the configuration of the asymmetric carbon atom farthest from the keto or aldehyde group?
<p>D and L</p>
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A molecule with n chiral centers can have how many stereoisomers?
<p>$2^n$ (A)</p>
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The process of converting a monosaccharide from its open-chain form to a cyclic form is called ___________.
<p>cyclization</p>
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Do both pentoses and hexoses not undergo cyclization to form ring structures?
<p>False (B)</p>
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What type of bond is formed when aldehydes or ketones react with alcohols to form cyclic structures in carbohydrates?
<p>Poluacetal/poluketal (C)</p>
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What are the two possible conformations adopted by pyranoses?
<p>Chair and Boat (C)</p>
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The chair and boat conformations of pyranoses are equally stable.
<p>False (B)</p>
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___________ are forms of the exact same sugar, but differ in configuration at the carbonyl carbon atom.
<p>Anomers</p>
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What is the name given to the carbon atom that determines if a cyclic sugar is alpha or beta?
<p>Anomeric carbon (D)</p>
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In anomeric forms, the alpha form has the -OH group on the anomeric carbon on the opposite side of the ring as the $CH_2OH$ group.
<p>True (A)</p>
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What is formed when a monosaccharide reacts with an alcohol or amine?
<p>Glycoside (D)</p>
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When a monosaccharide undergoes a reaction and forms a bond with an alcohol, it creates an O-linkage known as a(n) _______ bond.
<p>glycosidic</p>
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What is added to a sugar molecule to create a sugar phosphate?
<p>Phosphate group (A)</p>
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Phosphorylation of sugars makes them cationic or positively charged.
<p>False (B)</p>
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What type of molecule is formed when a sugar is combined with a purine or pyrimidine base?
<p>Nucleoside (D)</p>
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Sugars which can be oxidized by mild oxidizing agent are known as ____________ sugars.
<p>reducing</p>
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Match each disaccharide with its constituent monosaccharides:
<p>Sucrose = Glucose + FructoseMaltose = Glucose + GlucoseCellobiose = Glucose + Glucose</p>
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